Mammalian Histology || To study Permanent histological slides

 To Study permanent histological slides

    1] T.S. of Skin

        The skin is the largest organ in the body, with a total surface area of ​​about 20sqft. The skin protect us from germ & the element, help regulate body temperature, and allows us to feel touch, heat, and cold. Skin colour is created by specialized cells called melanocyte, which produce the pigment melanin. Melanocyte are located in the epidermis. The skin has three layers.

    Epidermis:-

        The outer layer of skin provides a waterproof barrier & makes up our skin tone.

    Dermis:-

        Beneath the epidermis is dense connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.

    Hypodermis:-

        The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) consists of fats and connective tissue.

    2] T.S. of Tooth

        A tooth is a hard, mineral-rich structure that is used to chew food. They are not made of bones like the rest of the skeleton, but have their own unique structure that allows them to break down food. The following fabrics:-

    Enamel:-

        The hard, calcified outer shell used to break down food. Enamel is composed primarily of a matrix of hydroxypatite, a mineral composed of crystalline calcium phosphate that is created by the body's cells during tooth development.

    Dentine:-

       A milder and more vulnerable material that acts as the last line of defense for tooth pulp in the event of enamel decay or discoloration.

    Cementum:-

       Bone-like tissue containing both hydroxypatite and connective proteins. This tissue attaches the tooth to the periodontal ligaments, which hold the tooth firmly in place in the jawbone.

    Pulp:-

        Which contains the blood vessels and nerves used to keep teeth healthy and alert the body to dangerous dental injuries and infections.

    3] T.S. of Stomach:- 

        The most prominent feature of the stomach tissue is the thick glandular mucosa filled with gastric glands that secrete digestive enzymes and acid. The thick gastric mucosa is characterized by tightly packed tubular glands under the surface of a simple columnar epithelium. The stomach can fulfill these roles thanks to the layers of the stomach wall. These are the gastric mucosa, submucosa, external and serous muscles.

    Mucosa:-

        Superficial mucosal cells: Simple columnar epithelium Gastric pits: superficial mucosal cells Gastric glands: parietal, chief, enteroendocrine cells Lamina propria: Connective-muscular tissue of the mucosa: two smooth muscle layers.

    Submucosa:-

        Connective tissue, submucosal plexus.

    Muscularis externa:-

        Smooth muscle layers (longitudinal, circular, oblique), mycentric (Auerbach's) plexus.

    Serosa:-

        Connective tissue, mesoderm.

    4] T.S. of Duodenum

        The duodenum is the first of the three parts of the small intestine to receive. partially digested food from the stomach and absorption of nutrients begins. It is direct attached to the pylorus of the stomach. Histologically, it contains mucous, submucous, muscle membranes.

    Mucosa:-

        It consists of a simple columnar epithelium (lamina epithelialis), a connective tissue membrane (lamina propria) and a smooth muscle membrane (lamina muscularis). The intestinal epithelial cells (enterocytes) are covered with a layer of glycoproteins and mucin.

    Muscularis:-

        Consists of an inner circular & an outer longitudinal musculature between which the Auerbach's plexus lies.

    5] T.S. of Trachea

       It begins at the base of the larynx and ends at the carina, the point where the trachea branches into the left and right main bronchus. Behind the trachea along its length is the esophagus, followed by connective tissue and the spinal column.

        The epithelium contains goblet cells, which are glandularly modified cells of simple columnar epithelium that produce mucins, the main component of mucus. This is a thin (on average 1.5 mm in diameter) tubular structure, the framework of which initially consists of incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage resting on each other, covered with loose connective tissue.

    6] T.S. of Lung

        Once in the lungs, the conductive part is spit out into the paired main bronchi. Most of the respiratory epithelium is represented by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The following 4 types of cells are found in this area.

    Ciliated cells:-

        They control the actions of the mucocliary escalator, a major defense mechanism of the lungs that removes debris.

    Goblet cells:-

        It decreases in number as the respiratory three gets progressively smaller & are eventually replaced by club cells when they reach respiratory branchioles.

    Basal cells:-

        The basal cells connect to the basement membrane & provide the attachment layer of the ciliated cells and goblet cells.

    Brush cells:-

        Brush cells distributed in all areas of respiratory mucosa. Brush cells may be columnar, or flask-like & No function has been assigned.

 To Study permanent histological slides

    1] T.S. of Skin

        The skin is the largest organ in the body, with a total surface area of ​​about 20sqft. The skin protect us from germ & the element, help regulate body temperature, and allows us to feel touch, heat, and cold. Skin colour is created by specialized cells called melanocyte, which produce the pigment melanin. Melanocyte are located in the epidermis. The skin has three layers.

    Epidermis:-

        The outer layer of skin provides a waterproof barrier & makes up our skin tone.

    Dermis:-

        Beneath the epidermis is dense connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.

    Hypodermis:-

        The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) consists of fats and connective tissue.

    2] T.S. of Tooth

        A tooth is a hard, mineral-rich structure that is used to chew food. They are not made of bones like the rest of the skeleton, but have their own unique structure that allows them to break down food. The following fabrics:-

    Enamel:-

        The hard, calcified outer shell used to break down food. Enamel is composed primarily of a matrix of hydroxypatite, a mineral composed of crystalline calcium phosphate that is created by the body's cells during tooth development.

    Dentine:-

       A milder and more vulnerable material that acts as the last line of defense for tooth pulp in the event of enamel decay or discoloration.

    Cementum:-

       Bone-like tissue containing both hydroxypatite and connective proteins. This tissue attaches the tooth to the periodontal ligaments, which hold the tooth firmly in place in the jawbone.

    Pulp:-

        Which contains the blood vessels and nerves used to keep teeth healthy and alert the body to dangerous dental injuries and infections.

    3] T.S. of Stomach:- 

        The most prominent feature of the stomach tissue is the thick glandular mucosa filled with gastric glands that secrete digestive enzymes and acid. The thick gastric mucosa is characterized by tightly packed tubular glands under the surface of a simple columnar epithelium. The stomach can fulfill these roles thanks to the layers of the stomach wall. These are the gastric mucosa, submucosa, external and serous muscles.

    Mucosa:-

        Superficial mucosal cells: Simple columnar epithelium Gastric pits: superficial mucosal cells Gastric glands: parietal, chief, enteroendocrine cells Lamina propria: Connective-muscular tissue of the mucosa: two smooth muscle layers.

    Submucosa:-

        Connective tissue, submucosal plexus.

    Muscularis externa:-

        Smooth muscle layers (longitudinal, circular, oblique), mycentric (Auerbach's) plexus.

    Serosa:-

        Connective tissue, mesoderm.

    4] T.S. of Duodenum

        The duodenum is the first of the three parts of the small intestine to receive. partially digested food from the stomach and absorption of nutrients begins. It is direct attached to the pylorus of the stomach. Histologically, it contains mucous, submucous, muscle membranes.

    Mucosa:-

        It consists of a simple columnar epithelium (lamina epithelialis), a connective tissue membrane (lamina propria) and a smooth muscle membrane (lamina muscularis). The intestinal epithelial cells (enterocytes) are covered with a layer of glycoproteins and mucin.

    Muscularis:-

        Consists of an inner circular & an outer longitudinal musculature between which the Auerbach's plexus lies.

    5] T.S. of Trachea

       It begins at the base of the larynx and ends at the carina, the point where the trachea branches into the left and right main bronchus. Behind the trachea along its length is the esophagus, followed by connective tissue and the spinal column.

        The epithelium contains goblet cells, which are glandularly modified cells of simple columnar epithelium that produce mucins, the main component of mucus. This is a thin (on average 1.5 mm in diameter) tubular structure, the framework of which initially consists of incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage resting on each other, covered with loose connective tissue.

    6] T.S. of Lung

        Once in the lungs, the conductive part is spit out into the paired main bronchi. Most of the respiratory epithelium is represented by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The following 4 types of cells are found in this area.

    Ciliated cells:-

        They control the actions of the mucocliary escalator, a major defense mechanism of the lungs that removes debris.

    Goblet cells:-

        It decreases in number as the respiratory three gets progressively smaller & are eventually replaced by club cells when they reach respiratory branchioles.

    Basal cells:-

        The basal cells connect to the basement membrane & provide the attachment layer of the ciliated cells and goblet cells.

    Brush cells:-

        Brush cells distributed in all areas of respiratory mucosa. Brush cells may be columnar, or flask-like & No function has been assigned.

 To Study permanent histological slides

    1] T.S. of Skin

        The skin is the largest organ in the body, with a total surface area of ​​about 20sqft. The skin protect us from germ & the element, help regulate body temperature, and allows us to feel touch, heat, and cold. Skin colour is created by specialized cells called melanocyte, which produce the pigment melanin. Melanocyte are located in the epidermis. The skin has three layers.

    Epidermis:-

        The outer layer of skin provides a waterproof barrier & makes up our skin tone.

    Dermis:-

        Beneath the epidermis is dense connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.

    Hypodermis:-

        The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) consists of fats and connective tissue.

    2] T.S. of Tooth

        A tooth is a hard, mineral-rich structure that is used to chew food. They are not made of bones like the rest of the skeleton, but have their own unique structure that allows them to break down food. The following fabrics:-

    Enamel:-

        The hard, calcified outer shell used to break down food. Enamel is composed primarily of a matrix of hydroxypatite, a mineral composed of crystalline calcium phosphate that is created by the body's cells during tooth development.

    Dentine:-

       A milder and more vulnerable material that acts as the last line of defense for tooth pulp in the event of enamel decay or discoloration.

    Cementum:-

       Bone-like tissue containing both hydroxypatite and connective proteins. This tissue attaches the tooth to the periodontal ligaments, which hold the tooth firmly in place in the jawbone.

    Pulp:-

        Which contains the blood vessels and nerves used to keep teeth healthy and alert the body to dangerous dental injuries and infections.

    3] T.S. of Stomach:- 

        The most prominent feature of the stomach tissue is the thick glandular mucosa filled with gastric glands that secrete digestive enzymes and acid. The thick gastric mucosa is characterized by tightly packed tubular glands under the surface of a simple columnar epithelium. The stomach can fulfill these roles thanks to the layers of the stomach wall. These are the gastric mucosa, submucosa, external and serous muscles.

    Mucosa:-

        Superficial mucosal cells: Simple columnar epithelium Gastric pits: superficial mucosal cells Gastric glands: parietal, chief, enteroendocrine cells Lamina propria: Connective-muscular tissue of the mucosa: two smooth muscle layers.

    Submucosa:-

        Connective tissue, submucosal plexus.

    Muscularis externa:-

        Smooth muscle layers (longitudinal, circular, oblique), mycentric (Auerbach's) plexus.

    Serosa:-

        Connective tissue, mesoderm.

    4] T.S. of Duodenum

        The duodenum is the first of the three parts of the small intestine to receive. partially digested food from the stomach and absorption of nutrients begins. It is direct attached to the pylorus of the stomach. Histologically, it contains mucous, submucous, muscle membranes.

    Mucosa:-

        It consists of a simple columnar epithelium (lamina epithelialis), a connective tissue membrane (lamina propria) and a smooth muscle membrane (lamina muscularis). The intestinal epithelial cells (enterocytes) are covered with a layer of glycoproteins and mucin.

    Muscularis:-

        Consists of an inner circular & an outer longitudinal musculature between which the Auerbach's plexus lies.

    5] T.S. of Trachea

       It begins at the base of the larynx and ends at the carina, the point where the trachea branches into the left and right main bronchus. Behind the trachea along its length is the esophagus, followed by connective tissue and the spinal column.

        The epithelium contains goblet cells, which are glandularly modified cells of simple columnar epithelium that produce mucins, the main component of mucus. This is a thin (on average 1.5 mm in diameter) tubular structure, the framework of which initially consists of incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage resting on each other, covered with loose connective tissue.

    6] T.S. of Lung

        Once in the lungs, the conductive part is spit out into the paired main bronchi. Most of the respiratory epithelium is represented by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The following 4 types of cells are found in this area.

    Ciliated cells:-

        They control the actions of the mucocliary escalator, a major defense mechanism of the lungs that removes debris.

    Goblet cells:-

        It decreases in number as the respiratory three gets progressively smaller & are eventually replaced by club cells when they reach respiratory branchioles.

    Basal cells:-

        The basal cells connect to the basement membrane & provide the attachment layer of the ciliated cells and goblet cells.

    Brush cells:-

        Brush cells distributed in all areas of respiratory mucosa. Brush cells may be columnar, or flask-like & No function has been assigned.

 To Study permanent histological slides

    1] T.S. of Skin

        The skin is the largest organ in the body, with a total surface area of ​​about 20sqft. The skin protect us from germ & the element, help regulate body temperature, and allows us to feel touch, heat, and cold. Skin colour is created by specialized cells called melanocyte, which produce the pigment melanin. Melanocyte are located in the epidermis. The skin has three layers.

    Epidermis:-

        The outer layer of skin provides a waterproof barrier & makes up our skin tone.

    Dermis:-

        Beneath the epidermis is dense connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.

    Hypodermis:-

        The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) consists of fats and connective tissue.

    2] T.S. of Tooth

        A tooth is a hard, mineral-rich structure that is used to chew food. They are not made of bones like the rest of the skeleton, but have their own unique structure that allows them to break down food. The following fabrics:-

    Enamel:-

        The hard, calcified outer shell used to break down food. Enamel is composed primarily of a matrix of hydroxypatite, a mineral composed of crystalline calcium phosphate that is created by the body's cells during tooth development.

    Dentine:-

       A milder and more vulnerable material that acts as the last line of defense for tooth pulp in the event of enamel decay or discoloration.

    Cementum:-

       Bone-like tissue containing both hydroxypatite and connective proteins. This tissue attaches the tooth to the periodontal ligaments, which hold the tooth firmly in place in the jawbone.

    Pulp:-

        Which contains the blood vessels and nerves used to keep teeth healthy and alert the body to dangerous dental injuries and infections.

    3] T.S. of Stomach:- 

        The most prominent feature of the stomach tissue is the thick glandular mucosa filled with gastric glands that secrete digestive enzymes and acid. The thick gastric mucosa is characterized by tightly packed tubular glands under the surface of a simple columnar epithelium. The stomach can fulfill these roles thanks to the layers of the stomach wall. These are the gastric mucosa, submucosa, external and serous muscles.

    Mucosa:-

        Superficial mucosal cells: Simple columnar epithelium Gastric pits: superficial mucosal cells Gastric glands: parietal, chief, enteroendocrine cells Lamina propria: Connective-muscular tissue of the mucosa: two smooth muscle layers.

    Submucosa:-

        Connective tissue, submucosal plexus.

    Muscularis externa:-

        Smooth muscle layers (longitudinal, circular, oblique), mycentric (Auerbach's) plexus.

    Serosa:-

        Connective tissue, mesoderm.

    4] T.S. of Duodenum

        The duodenum is the first of the three parts of the small intestine to receive. partially digested food from the stomach and absorption of nutrients begins. It is direct attached to the pylorus of the stomach. Histologically, it contains mucous, submucous, muscle membranes.

    Mucosa:-

        It consists of a simple columnar epithelium (lamina epithelialis), a connective tissue membrane (lamina propria) and a smooth muscle membrane (lamina muscularis). The intestinal epithelial cells (enterocytes) are covered with a layer of glycoproteins and mucin.

    Muscularis:-

        Consists of an inner circular & an outer longitudinal musculature between which the Auerbach's plexus lies.

    5] T.S. of Trachea

       It begins at the base of the larynx and ends at the carina, the point where the trachea branches into the left and right main bronchus. Behind the trachea along its length is the esophagus, followed by connective tissue and the spinal column.

        The epithelium contains goblet cells, which are glandularly modified cells of simple columnar epithelium that produce mucins, the main component of mucus. This is a thin (on average 1.5 mm in diameter) tubular structure, the framework of which initially consists of incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage resting on each other, covered with loose connective tissue.

    6] T.S. of Lung

        Once in the lungs, the conductive part is spit out into the paired main bronchi. Most of the respiratory epithelium is represented by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The following 4 types of cells are found in this area.

    Ciliated cells:-

        They control the actions of the mucocliary escalator, a major defense mechanism of the lungs that removes debris.

    Goblet cells:-

        It decreases in number as the respiratory three gets progressively smaller & are eventually replaced by club cells when they reach respiratory branchioles.

    Basal cells:-

        The basal cells connect to the basement membrane & provide the attachment layer of the ciliated cells and goblet cells.

    Brush cells:-

        Brush cells distributed in all areas of respiratory mucosa. Brush cells may be columnar, or flask-like & No function has been assigned.